1 Caution: In Idaho, Louisiana, Texas, and Wisconsin, income from most separate property is community income.

2 Caution: Check your state law if you are separated but do not meet the conditions discussed in Spouses living apart all year. In some states, the income you earn after you are separated and before a divorce decree is issued continues to be community income. In other states, it is separate income.

3 Caution: Under special rules, income that can otherwise be characterized as community income may not be treated as community income for federal income tax purposes in certain situations. See Community Property Laws Disregarded.

Identifying Income, Deductions, and Credits

If you file separate returns, you and your spouse must be able to identify your community and separate income, deductions, credits, and other return amounts according to the laws of your state.

Income

The following is a discussion of the general effect of community property laws on the federal income tax treatment of certain items of income.

Wages, earnings, and profits.   A spouse’s wages, earnings, and net profits from a sole proprietorship are community income and must be evenly split.

Dividends, interest, and rents.   Dividends, interest, and rents from community property are community income and must be evenly split. Dividends, interest, and rents from separate property are characterized in accordance with the discussion under Income from separate property, later.

Alimony received.   Alimony or separate maintenance payments made prior to divorce are taxable to the payee spouse only to the extent they exceed 50% (his or her share) of the reportable community income. This is so because the payee spouse is already required to report half of the community income. See also Alimony paid, later.

Gains and losses.    Gains and losses are classified as separate or community depending on how the property is held. For example, a loss on separate property, such as stock held separately, is a separate loss. On the other hand, a loss on community property, such as a casualty loss to your home held as community property, is a community loss. See Publication 544, Sales and Other Dispositions of Assets, for information on gains and losses. See Publication 547, Casualties, Disasters, and Thefts, for information on losses due to a casualty or theft.

Withdrawals from individual retirement arrangements (IRAs) and Coverdell Education Savings Accounts (ESAs).   There are several kinds of individual retirement arrangements (IRAs). They are traditional IRAs (including SEP-IRAs), SIMPLE IRAs, and Roth IRAs. IRAs and ESAs by law are deemed to be separate property. Therefore, taxable IRA and ESA distributions are separate property, even if the funds in the account would otherwise be community property. These distributions are wholly taxable to the spouse whose name is on the account. That spouse is also liable for any penalties and additional taxes on the distributions.

Pensions.   Generally, distributions from pensions will be characterized as community or separate income depending on the respective periods of participation in the pension while married and domiciled in a community property state or in a noncommunity property state during the total period of participation in the pension. See the example under Civil service retirement, later. These rules may vary between states. Check your state law.

Lump-sum distributions.   If you were born before January 2, 1936, and receive a lump-sum distribution from a qualified retirement plan, you may be able to choose an optional method of figuring the tax on the distribution. For the 10-year tax option, you must disregard community property laws. For more information, see Publication 575, Pension and Annuity Income, and Form 4972, Tax on Lump-Sum Distributions.

Civil service retirement.   For income tax purposes, community property laws apply to annuities payable under the Civil Service Retirement Act (CSRS) or Federal Employee Retirement System (FERS).

  Whether a civil service annuity is separate or community income depends on the marital status and domicile of the employee when the services were performed for which the annuity is paid. Even if you now live in a noncommunity property state and you receive a civil service annuity, it may be community income if it is based on services you performed while married and domiciled in a community property state.

  If a civil service annuity is a mixture of community income and separate income, it must be divided between the two kinds of income. The division is based on the employee’s domicile and marital status in community and noncommunity property states during his or her periods of service.

Example.

Henry Wright retired this year after 30 years of civil service. He and his wife were domiciled in a community property state during the past 15 years.

Since half the service was performed while the Wrights were married and domiciled in a community property state, half the civil service retirement pay is considered to be community income. If Mr. Wright receives $1,000 a month in retirement pay, $500 is considered community income—half ($250) is his income and half ($250) is his wife’s.

Military retirement pay.   State community property laws apply to military retirement pay. Generally, the pay is either separate or community income based on the marital status and domicile of the couple while the member of the Armed Forces was in active military service. For example, military retirement pay for services performed during marriage and domicile in a community property state is community income.

  Active military pay earned while married and domiciled in a community property state is also community income. This income is considered to be received half by the member of the Armed Forces and half by the spouse.

Partnership income.   If an interest is held in a partnership, and income from the partnership is attributable to the efforts of either spouse, the partnership income is community property. If it is merely a passive investment in a separate property partnership, the partnership income will be characterized in accordance with the discussion under Income from separate property, later.

Tax-exempt income.   Community income exempt from federal tax generally keeps its exempt status for both spouses. For example, under certain circumstances, income earned outside the United States is tax exempt. If you earned income and met the conditions that made it exempt, the income is also exempt for your spouse even though he or she may not have met the conditions.

Income from separate property.   In some states, income from separate property is separate income. These states include Washington, Nevada, California, Arizona, and New Mexico. Other states characterize income from separate property as community income. These states include Idaho, Louisiana, Wisconsin, and Texas.

Exemptions

When you file separate returns, you must claim your own exemption amount for that year. (See your tax package instructions.)

You cannot divide the amount allowed as an exemption for a dependent between you and your spouse. When community funds provide support for more than one person, each of whom otherwise qualifies as a dependent, you and your spouse may divide the number of dependency exemptions as explained in the following example.

Example.

Ron and Diane White have three dependent children and live in Nevada. If Ron and Diane file separately, only Ron can claim his own exemption, and only Diane can claim her own exemption. Ron and Diane can agree that one of them will claim the exemption for one, two, or all of their children and the other will claim any remaining exemptions. They cannot each claim half of the total exemption amount for their three children.

Deductions

If you file separate returns, your deductions generally depend on whether the expenses involve community or separate income.

Business and investment expenses.   If you file separate returns, expenses incurred to earn or produce:

• Community business or investment income are generally divided equally between you and your spouse. Each of you is entitled to deduct one-half of the expenses on your separate returns.


• Separate business or investment income are deductible by the spouse who earns the income.

   Other limits may also apply to business and investment expenses. For more information, see Publication 535, Business Expenses, and Publication 550, Investment Income and Expenses.

Alimony paid.   Payments that may otherwise qualify as alimony are not deductible by the payer if they are the recipient spouse’s part of community income. They are deductible as alimony only to the extent they are more than that spouse’s part of community income.

Example.

You live in a community property state. You are separated but the special rules explained later under Spouses living apart all year do not apply. Under a written agreement, you pay your spouse $12,000 of your $20,000 total yearly community income. Your spouse receives no other community income. Under your state law, earnings of a spouse living separately and apart from the other spouse continue as community property.

On your separate returns, each of you must report $10,000 of the total community income. In addition, your spouse must report $2,000 as alimony received. You can deduct $2,000 as alimony paid.

IRA deduction.   Deductions for IRA contributions cannot be split between spouses. The deduction for each spouse is figured separately and without regard to community property laws.

Personal expenses.    Expenses that are paid out of separate funds, such as medical expenses, are deductible by the spouse who pays them. If these expenses are paid from community funds, divide the deduction equally between you and your spouse.

Credits, Taxes, and Payments

The following is a discussion of the general effect of community property laws on the treatment of certain credits, taxes, and payments on your separate return.

Child tax credit.   You may be entitled to a child tax credit for each of your qualifying children. You must provide the name and identification number (usually the social security number) of each qualifying child on your return. See your tax package instructions for the maximum amount of the credit you can claim for each qualifying child.

Limit on credit.   The credit is limited if your modified adjusted gross income (modified AGI) is above a certain amount. The amount at which the limitation (phaseout) begins depends on your filing status. Generally, your credit is limited to your tax liability unless you have three or more qualifying children. See your tax package instructions for more information.

Self-employment tax.   This section discusses the effect of community property laws on the imposition of self-employment tax on the earnings and profits of a sole proprietorship and partnerships. For the effect of community property laws on the income tax treatment of income from a sole proprietorship and partnerships, see Wages, earnings, and profits and Partnership income, earlier.

Sole proprietorship.   With regard to net income from a trade or business (other than a partnership) that is community income, self-employment tax is imposed on the spouse carrying on the trade or business.

Partnerships.   All of the distributive share of a married partner’s income or loss from a partnership trade or business is attributable to the partner for computing any self-employment tax, even if a portion of the partner’s distributive share of income or loss is community income or loss that is otherwise attributable to the partner’s spouse for income tax purposes. If both spouses are partners, any self-employment tax is allocated based on their distributive shares.

Federal income tax withheld.   Report the credit for federal income tax withheld on community wages in the same manner as your wages. If you and your spouse file separate returns on which each of you reports half the community wages, each of you is entitled to credit for half the income tax withheld on those wages.

Estimated tax payments.   In determining whether you must pay estimated tax, apply the estimated tax rules to your estimated income. These rules are explained in Publication 505.

  If you think you may owe estimated tax and want to pay the tax separately, determine whether you must pay it by taking into account:

1. Half the community income and deductions,


2. All of your separate income and deductions, and


3. Your own exemption and any exemptions for dependents that you may claim.

  Whether you and your spouse pay estimated tax jointly or separately will not affect your choice of filing joint or separate income tax returns.

  If you and your spouse paid estimated tax jointly but file separate income tax returns, either of you can claim all of the estimated tax paid, or you may divide it between you in any way that you agree upon.

  If you cannot agree on how to divide it, the estimated tax you can claim equals the total estimated tax paid times the tax shown on your separate return, divided by the total of the tax shown on your return and your spouse’s return.

Earned income credit.   You may be entitled to an earned income credit (EIC). You cannot claim this credit if your filing status is married filing separately.

  If you are married, but qualify to file as head of household under rules for married taxpayers living apart (see Publication 501), and live in a state that has community property laws, your earned income for the EIC does not include any amount earned by your spouse that is treated as belonging to you under community property laws. That amount is not earned income for the EIC, even though you must include it in your gross income on your income tax return. Your earned income includes the entire amount you earned, even if part of it is treated as belonging to your spouse under your state’s community property laws.

   This rule does not apply when determining your adjusted gross income (AGI) for the EIC. Your AGI includes that part of both your and your spouse’s wages that you are required to include in gross income shown on your tax return.

  For more information about the EIC, see Publication 596, Earned Income Credit (EIC).

Overpayments.   The amount of an overpayment on a joint return is allocated under the community property laws of the state in which you are domiciled.

• If, under the laws of your state, community property is subject to premarital or other separate debts of either spouse, the full joint overpayment may be used to offset the obligation.


• If, under the laws of your state, community property is not subject to premarital or other separate debts of either spouse, only the portion of the joint overpayment allocated to the spouse liable for the obligation can be used to offset that liability. The portion allocated to the other spouse can be refunded.

Community Property Laws Disregarded

The following discussions are situations where special rules apply to community property.

Certain community income not treated as community income by one spouse.   Community property laws may not apply to an item of community income that you received but did not treat as community income. You are responsible for reporting all of that income item if:

1. You treat the item as if only you are entitled to the income, and


2. You do not notify your spouse of the nature and amount of the income by the due date for filing the return (including extensions).

Relief from liability arising from community property law.   You are not responsible for the tax relating to an item of community income if all the following conditions exist.

1. You did not file a joint return for the tax year.


2. You did not include an item of community income in gross income.


3. The item of community income you did not include is one of the following:


4. Wages, salaries, and other compensation your spouse (or former spouse) received for services he or she performed as an employee.


5. Income your spouse (or former spouse) derived from a trade or business he or she operated as a sole proprietor.


6. Your spouse’s (or former spouse’s) distributive share of partnership income.


7. Income from your spouse’s (or former spouse’s) separate property (other than income described in (a), (b), or (c)). Use the appropriate community property law to determine what is separate property.


8. Any other income that belongs to your spouse (or former spouse) under community property law.


9. You establish that you did not know of, and had no reason to know of, that community income.


10. Under all facts and circumstances, it would not be fair to include the item of community income in your gross income.

Requesting relief.   For information on how and when to request relief from liabilities arising from community property laws, see Community Property Laws in Publication 971.

Equitable relief.   If you do not qualify for the relief discussed above and are now liable for an underpayment or understatement of tax you believe should be paid only by your spouse (or former spouse), you may request equitable relief. To request equitable relief, you must file Form 8857, Request for Innocent Spouse Relief, or other similar statement. Also see Publication 971.

Spousal agreements.   In some states a husband and wife may enter into an agreement that affects the status of property or income as community or separate property. Check your state law to determine how it affects you.

Nonresident alien spouse.   If you are a United States citizen or resident alien and you choose to treat your nonresident alien spouse as a U.S. resident for tax purposes and you are domiciled in a community property state or country, use the community property rules. You must file a joint return for the year you make the choice. You can file separate returns in later years. For details on making this choice, see Publication 519, U.S. Tax Guide for Aliens.

  If you are a U.S. citizen or resident alien and do not choose to treat your nonresident alien spouse as a U.S. resident for tax purposes, treat your community income as explained next under Spouses living apart all year. However, you do not have to meet the four conditions discussed there.

Spouses living apart all year.   If you are married at any time during the calendar year, special rules apply for reporting certain community income. You must meet all the following conditions for these special rules to apply.

1. You and your spouse lived apart all year.


2. You and your spouse did not file a joint return for a tax year beginning or ending in the calendar year.


3. You and/or your spouse had earned income for the calendar year that is community income.


4. You and your spouse have not transferred, directly or indirectly, any of the earned income in condition (3) above between yourselves before the end of the year. Do not take into account transfers satisfying child support obligations or transfers of very small amounts or value.

If all these conditions are met, you and your spouse must report your community income as discussed next. See also Certain community income not treated as community income by one spouse, earlier.

Earned income.   Treat earned income that is not trade or business or partnership income as the income of the spouse who performed the services to earn the income. Earned income is wages, salaries, professional fees, and other pay for personal services.

  Earned income does not include amounts paid by a corporation that are a distribution of earnings and profits rather than a reasonable allowance for personal services rendered.

Trade or business income.   Treat income and related deductions from a trade or business that is not a partnership as those of the spouse carrying on the trade or business.

Partnership income or loss.   Treat income or loss from a trade or business carried on by a partnership as the income or loss of the spouse who is the partner.

Separate property income.   Treat income from the separate property of one spouse as the income of that spouse.

Social security benefits.   Treat social security and equivalent railroad retirement benefits as the income of the spouse who receives the benefits.

Other income.   Treat all other community income, such as dividends, interest, rents, royalties, or gains, as provided under your state’s community property law.

Example.

George and Sharon were married throughout the year but did not live together at any time during the year. Both domiciles were in a community property state. They did not file a joint return or transfer any of their earned income between themselves. During the year their incomes were as follows:

			George	Sharon
Wages			$20,000	$22,000
Consulting business			5,000
Partnership				10,000
Dividends from separate property			1,000	2,000
Interest from community property			500	500
Total			$26,500	$34,500

Under the community property law of their state, all the income is considered community income. (Some states treat income from separate property as separate income—check your state law.) Sharon did not take part in George’s consulting business.

Ordinarily, on their separate returns they would each report $30,500, half the total community income of $61,000 ($26,500 + $34,500). But because they meet the four conditions listed earlier under Spouses living apart all year, they must disregard community property law in reporting all their income (except the interest income) from community property. They each report on their returns only their own earnings and other income, and their share of the interest income from community property. George reports $26,500 and Sharon reports $34,500.

Other separated spouses.   If you and your spouse are separated but do not meet the four conditions discussed earlier under Spouses living apart all year, you must treat your income according to the laws of your state. In some states, income earned after separation but before a decree of divorce continues to be community income. In other states it is separate income.

End of the Marital Community

The marital community may end in several ways. When the marital community ends, the community assets (money and property) are divided between the spouses.

Death of spouse.   In community property states, each spouse usually is considered to own half the estate (excluding separate property). If your spouse dies, the total fair market value (FMV) of the community property, including the part that belongs to you, generally becomes the basis of the entire property. For this rule to apply, at least half the value of the community property interest must be includible in your spouse’s gross estate, whether or not the estate must file a return.

  For example, Bob and Ann owned community property that had a basis of $80,000. When Bob died, his and Ann’s community property had an FMV of $100,000. One-half of the FMV of their community interest was includible in Bob’s estate. The basis of Ann’s half of the property is $50,000 after Bob died (half of the $100,000 FMV). The basis of the other half to Bob’s heirs is also $50,000.

  For more information about the basis of assets, see Publication 551, Basis of Assets.

Divorce or separation.   The (equal or unequal) division of community property in connection with a divorce or property settlement does not result in a gain or loss. For information on the tax consequences of the division of property under a property settlement or divorce decree, see Publication 504.

  Each spouse is taxed on half the community income for the part of the year before the community ends. However, see Spouses living apart all year, earlier. Any income received after the marital community ends is separate income. This separate income is taxable only to the spouse to whom it belongs.

  An absolute decree of divorce or annulment ends the marital community in all community property states. A decree of annulment, even though it holds that no valid marriage ever existed, usually does not nullify community property rights arising during the “marriage.” However, you should check your state law for exceptions.

  A decree of legal separation or of separate maintenance may or may not end the marital community. The court issuing the decree may terminate the marital community and divide the property between the spouses.

  A separation agreement may divide the community property between you and your spouse. It may provide that this property, along with future earnings and property acquired, will be separate property. This agreement may end the community.

  In some states, the marital community ends when the spouses permanently separate, even if there is no formal agreement. Check your state law.

Preparing a Federal Income Tax Return

The following discussion does not apply to spouses who meet the conditions under Spouses living apart all year, discussed earlier. Those spouses must report their community income as explained in that discussion.

Joint Return Versus Separate Returns

Ordinarily, filing a joint return will give you a greater tax advantage than filing a separate return. But in some cases, your combined income tax on separate returns may be less than it would be on a joint return.

If you file separate returns:

1. You should itemize deductions if your spouse itemizes deductions, because you cannot claim the standard deduction,


2. You cannot take the credit for child and dependent care expenses in most instances,


3. You cannot take the earned income credit,


4. You cannot exclude any interest income from qualified U.S. savings bonds that you used for higher education expenses,


5. You cannot take the credit for the elderly or the disabled unless you lived apart from your spouse all year,


6. You may have to include in income more of any social security benefits (including any equivalent railroad retirement benefits) you received during the year than you would on a joint return,


7. You cannot deduct interest paid on a qualified student loan,


8. You cannot take the education credits (the Hope and lifetime learning credits),


9. You may have a smaller child tax credit than you would on a joint return, and


10. You cannot take the exclusion or credit for adoption expenses in most instances.

Figure your tax both on a joint return and on separate returns under the community property laws of your state. You can then compare the tax figured under both methods and use the one that results in less tax.

Separate Return Preparation

If you file separate returns, you and your spouse must each report half of your combined community income and deductions in addition to your separate income and deductions. List only your share of the income and deductions on the appropriate lines of your separate tax returns (wages, interest, dividends, etc.). For a discussion of the effect of community property laws on certain items of income, deductions, credits, and other return amounts, see Identifying Income, Deductions, and Credits, earlier.

Attach a worksheet to your separate returns showing how you figured the income, deductions, and federal income tax withheld that each of you reported. The Allocation Worksheet (Table 2) shown later can be used for this purpose. If you do not attach a worksheet, you and your spouse should each attach a photocopy of the other spouse’s Form W-2 or 1099-R. Make a notation on the form showing the division of income and tax withheld.

Extension of time to file.   An extension of time for filing your separate return does not extend the time for filing your spouse’s separate return. If you and your spouse file a joint return, you cannot file separate returns after the due date for filing either separate return has passed.

			1 Total Income (Community/Separate)	2 Allocated to Husband	2 Allocated to Wife
1.	Wages (each employer)
2.	Interest Income (each payer)
3.	Dividends (each payer)
4.	State Income Tax Refund
5.	Capital Gains and Losses
6.	Pension Income
7.	Rents, Royalties, Partnerships, Estates, Trusts
8.	Taxes Withheld
9.	Other items such as: Social Security Benefits, Business and Farm Income or Loss, Unemployment Compensation, Mortgage Interest Deduction, etc.

NOTES

Example

Walter and Mary Smith are married and domiciled in a community property state. Their two children (18-year-old twins) and Mary’s mother live with them and qualify as their dependents. Amounts paid for their support were paid out of community funds.

Walter received a salary of $53,424. Income tax withheld from his salary was $4,704. Walter received $132 in taxable interest from his savings account. He also received $217 in dividends from stock that he owned. His interest and dividend income are his separate income under the laws of his community property state.

Mary received $200 in dividends from stock that she owned. This is her separate income. In addition, she received $4,200 as a part-time dental technician. No income tax was withheld from her salary.

The Smiths paid a total of $5,775 in medical expenses. Medical insurance of $1,050 was paid out of community funds. Walter paid $4,725 out of his separate funds for an operation he had.

The Smiths had $10,264 in other itemized deductions, none of which were miscellaneous itemized deductions subject to the 2%-of-adjusted-gross-income limit. The amounts spent for these deductions were paid out of community funds.

To see if it is to the Smiths’ advantage to file a joint return or separate returns, a worksheet (Table 3, shown next) is prepared to figure their federal income tax both ways. Walter and Mary must claim their own exemptions on their separate returns.

The summary at the bottom of the worksheet compares the tax figured on the Smiths’ joint return to the total tax figured by adding the tax amounts on their separate returns. By filing separately under the community property laws of their state, the Smiths save $243 in income tax.

If the Smiths were domiciled in Idaho, Louisiana, Texas, or Wisconsin, the result would be slightly different because in those states income from separate property generally is treated as community income. If they lived in one of those states, the interest from Walter’s savings account and the dividends from stock owned by each of them would be divided equally on their separate returns.

In figuring your tax, use the amounts from your current tax forms instruction booklet for items such as the standard deduction, exemption allowance, and Tax Table tax. The amounts used in this example apply for 2006 only. The example shows how filing separate returns under community property tax laws can result in lower tax than filing jointly; you must figure your own tax both ways to know which works better for you.

						Joint Return		Separate Returns
								Walter’s		Mary’s
Income (Walter’s):
	Salary					$ 53,424		$ 26,712		$ 26,712
	Interest and dividends ($217 dividends + $132 interest)					349		349		-0-
	Total						$ 53,773		$ 27,061		$ 26,712
Income (Mary’s):